Structure of a Human Eye
The eye is spherical in shape and has a diameter of 2.3 cm on an average. The internal structure of the eye includes- cornea, iris, pupil, lens, ciliary muscles, retina, nerve cells, optic nerve, and...
s-Block Elements: Sodium Carbonate (Washing soda) (Na2CO3):
a) Preparation: Solvay process: Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through a brine solution saturated with ammonia and itresults in the formation of sodium hydrogen carbonate. NH3 + H2O + CO2 → NH4HCO3...
Atomic and Molecular Masses
=> Atomic Mass: Mass of an atom. Reported in atomic mass unit “amu” or unified mass “u” One atomic mass unit i.e. amu, is the mass exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-12 atom. =>...
Increasings or Decreasing Order
Melting point= Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs 2. Colour of the flame= Li-Red, Na-Golden, K-Violet, Rb-Red, Cs-Blue, Ca-Brick red, Sr-Blood red, Ba-Apple green 3. Stability of hydrides = LiH > NaH > KH > RbH>...
Introduction to Acids, Bases and Salts<br>Classification of matter
On the basis of a) composition:– elements, compounds and mixtures b) state:– solids, liquids and gases c) solubility:– suspensions, colloids and solutions Types of mixtures:– homogeneous and...
Lanthanide
The lanthanide or lanthanoid series of chemical elements comprises the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57–71, from lanthanum through the lutetium. The series always includes the 14...
Biodiversity and Conservation
(1) The vast array of species of micro-organisms, algae, fungi, plants and animals occurring on the earth either in the terrestrial or aquatic habitats and the ecological complexes of which they are...
Mendel’s Experimental Material
(i) He conducted experiments on garden pea plant (Pisum sativum) for seven years (1856-1863) and proposed the laws of inheritance in living organisms. (ii) He selected the garden pea plant as a...
HORMONES & THEIR FUNCTIONS
Growth hormone (GH) Or somatotropic hormone (STH) Function ~ stimulates growth by stimulating protein synthesis. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Function ~ stimulates thyroid secretion....
Chemical Bonding
Chemical bond: - => Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule. => There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Co-ordinate...
Major Role of Nutrients
Various elements perform the following major role in the plants: (1) Construction of the plant body: The elements particularly C, H and O construct the plant body by entering into the constitution of...
Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities There are following respiratory volumes and capacity: (i) Tidal volume (TV): It is volume of air normally inspired or expired in one breath (i.e. inspiration and...
Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane
What is Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane? => Fluid mosaic model was proposed by S.J. Singer and Garth L. Nicolson => This model explains the structure of the plasma membrane => Plasma membranes...
Menstrual Cycle
(1) Menstruation occurs in human, apes and old world monkeys. (2) Menstruation is bleeding from the uterus of adult females at intervals of one lunar month. (3) Beginning of menstruation or first...
Chemical Properties of Alkali Earth Metals
1. Reaction with water: Mg + H2O → MgO + H2 or, Mg + 2H2O → Mg (OH)2 + H2 Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2 2. Formation of oxides and nitrides Be + O2 (air) +Δ→ 2BeO 3Be + N2 (air) +Δ → Be3N2 Mg + air + Δ →...
Special Theory of Relativity
Frame of reference:- A system of coordinates whose axes can be suitably chosen is said to be a frame of reference. Inertial frame:- A frame of reference either at rest or moving with a uniform...
Types of Teeth and Their Functions
There are 4 types of teeth in the oral cavity: => Incisors – The four front teeth in both the upper and lower jaws are called incisors. Their primary function is to cut food. The two incisors on...
Reproduction in Organisms
Fertilization: (a) The process of fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilization or syngamy. (b) The female gamete undergoes development to form new organism without fertilization. This...
Arithmetic Progression
=> If ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is the common difference of the arithmetic progression, then its nth term is given by an = a+(n-1)d => The sum, Sn of the first ‘n’ terms of the A.P. is given by...
DNA finger printing
(1) Alec Jeffreys et al (1985) developed the procedure of genetic analysis and forensic medicine, called DNA finger printing. (2) It is individual specific DNA identification which is made possible...